The Involvement Of The Cyber Attack - 1564 Words

In 2007 Estonia was one of the most developed nations in Europe in terms of information and communication technology advancement. Estonia had a common practice of relying on the internet for business transactions. In the early weeks of spring, Estonia was hit by a series of politically motivated cyber-attacks. Numerous parties and organisation suffered different forms of denial of service. The main parties included the Estonian government agencies, schools, banks and Internet Service Providers. The motivation for the cyber attack was due to the fact that the Estonian government made the decision to move a Soviet memorial of World War II from its previous or initial location in central Tallinn to a military cemetery. This resulted to an outburst and riots in the Estonian streets, violence towards the Ambassador of Estonia, Russia implementing indirect economic sanctions and the most relevant, politically motivated cyber-attack against Estonia. The Estonian state wasn’t critica lly affected from the cyber attack of 2007, since to a high extend the state functions and objects of demanding information infrastructure were not interrupted. However, the world received a wake up call on the new and emerging threats of cyber attacks. Estonia is a small country in Europe which had an interesting history with Russia/Soviet Union in the past decade. It was once part of Russia until they declared independence in 1918. However, in 1940 it was invaded by Soviet Union which had controlShow MoreRelatedGermanys Current Cyber Strategy1564 Words   |  7 Pagesseparate countries, Belgium, and Russia, and examine what their cyber strategies are pertaining to warfare and defense or security, and current capabilities of these countries regarding cyber-attacks or warfare. We will also be looking at the potential risks these countries present to the United States and the best was the United States can defend against these potential or emerging threats. First, let us examine Belgium’s current cyber strategy. Belgium is primarily focused on defensive with almostRead More Cyber Security Policies and Defense Contractors Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Cyber security policies in the private sector have been a challenging issue for major defense contractors, especially after recent attacks. As a result, the U.S. increased its strict enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejecting any congressional intervention. This has causedRead MoreCyber Security Role For Homeland Security Intelligence1153 Words   |  5 Pagesentry of the 21st century. The attacks on 9/11 greatly changed the way we see the world now and has shown major flaws within the intelligence community. Those events led the creation of the Departmen t of Homeland Security and with it pooled federal agencies into in umbrella for it to be centralized in order to be effective. There are three categories in which the Homeland Security Intelligence face in the 21st century. Those categories are technological, political, and cyber security. In this day inRead MoreCyber Policy Essay765 Words   |  4 Pages Russian Cyber Policy Efficiency In 2007, the government of Estonia decided to move a landmark, the Bronze Soldier, from the center of the city of Tallinn to a military cemetery. This caused outrage in the ethnic Russian community living in Estonia. It is believed that Russia distributed false news reports about the desecration of Soviet war graves and the Bronze Soldier. These false reports more than likely assisted with inciting the riot that occurred on April 26, 2007 and lasted approximatelyRead MoreEquifax Breach And The Breaching Of The Democratic Party During The 2016 Presidential Election1446 Words   |  6 Pagesdamages these attacks can cause with consequences such as stolen information or monetary loss of close to five billion dollars in 2017 alone (cybersecurityventures.com). Although there are already solid plans in place to raise cybersecurity efforts in the United States, recent events has shown that the government needs to create a new plan of attack so that the country is more prepared and less likely for these incidents to occur. To really understand the severity of these attacks, a person mustRead MoreThe Impact Of Stuxnet Worm On The World s Nuclear Facilities1340 Words   |  6 PagesAnother occurrence of cyberwarfare and its power lies within the Stuxnet worm, unleashed primarily to attack Iranian industrial programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in the nation’s Nuclear facilities. The Stuxnet worm is typically introduced to its target environment via an infected USB flash drive, and upon being loaded onto a computer running the Microsoft Windows operating system the worm would then seek out Siemens Step7 software. This software will then allow for Stuxnet to control IranianRead MoreCyber Surveillance And Cyber Security Monitoring1021 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Cyber analytics is a branch of analytics that systematically provides the analysis of the data pertaining to the domain of computers and network. It basically, tells the story behind cyber data. Cyber analytics is used to support computer security, computer or network administration, auditing, and several other application areas.† Implementation Cyber Security Monitoring To perform adaptive cyber-security analytics using a computer implemented method that includes receiving a report on a networkRead MoreCyber Security : A Common Thing1359 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerns about cyber-security. Cyber-security is an important factor to be considered if one is to be able to protect themselves from malicious people and software from the Internet. The majority of the threats to computer networks come from the Internet and they are often intentional, having been developed by people with malicious intent. Cyber security is an attempt by individuals to protect their personal information and other digital assets from attacks from the Internet. Cyber-security consistsRead MoreEssay on Cyber Crime and National Security1000 Words   |  4 PagesEssay on Cyber Crime And National Security When we talk about national security, we talk about the security of over one billion people and sovereignty of a country that is culturally rich, politically stable, socially compact and economically emerging. The worst victim of terrorism and naxalism India and its national security has been threatened recently by cyber crime. They concept of cyber crime is not radically different from the concept of conventional crime. Cyber crime is the latest andRead MoreCybercrime Is A Common Crime That Is Done By A Person To1331 Words   |  6 Pagesnaà ¯ve. In order to conduct a criminal investigation, forensic computing is used to examine a variety of technology devices that are used or could be used has a mechanism for a criminal to get what they want. Keywords: forensic computing, cybercrime, cyber theft Cybercrime Introduction In our daily life, we frequently use the internet for everything. The different activities could range from pay bills, shopping online or in stores, and watching movies. However, it is sad that positive

Psychological Elements of the Crowd Essays - 1552 Words

Conforming to Riots: Psychological Elements of the Crowd I. Introduction From a psychological standpoint, crowds have been an elusive, enigmatic and frightening phenomenon; the nuances of the human mind in itself are elements which evoke worlds of study on their own, let alone the implications of attempting to analyze a collective of such minds. However, the study of crowd psychology is obligatory to enhance knowledge in many a field of study, including criminology and political science. Society’s growth and recession alike hinge on the numerous phenomena we can attribute to crowds, and hence the subject lends itself much importance to examine. This paper will go on to scrutinize what is known of crowd psychology, the phenomena involved†¦show more content†¦The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. A collective mind is formed, doubtless transitory, but presenting very clearly defined characteristics.† − The Crowd: A study of the popula r mind He went on to outline some elements of the ‘given circumstances’ that he attributed to crowds. The first was what he called ‘submergence’, an occurrence wherein individuals cease to assert their own identities and instead align to an unconscious and shared mentality, or where a sense of personal identity and uniqueness is ‘submerged’. Such an occurrence is assisted by the scaffold of having other people around them, granting the person with a feeling of anonymity and empowerment. The second element was ‘contagion’; Le Bon stated that within a crowd, feelings and action are literally contagious. In spite of morality or self-interest, individuals will succumb to mimicking what the crowd at large is doing. Finally, Le Bon stated that persons become susceptible to ‘suggestibility’, or believing and feeling whatever a ‘hypnotizer’ (e.g. an influential speaker) is saying, and often acting out on it. Moder n theory, in turn, took consideration to other factors of crowd elements- including the outside factors such as police presence. By the 20th century, many researchers had deemed Classic theory an inadequately scientific perspective on crowd psychology, mostly due to what wasShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Collective Behavior Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagessituational facilities. The defining characteristics of collective behaviour are not physical or temporal or psychological but social as according to Smelser. He says that many social elements myths, ideologies, the potential for violence, etc. are either controlled or taken for granted and hence are not readily observable. During episodes of collective behaviour he says these elements come into the open and then we can observe them. Collective behaviour, then, like deviance, affords a peculiarRead MoreAnalysis Of Les Foules Or The Crowd823 Words   |  4 Pages Les Foules or The Crowd is one of the poems of Charles Baudelaire. It is said that not everybody is given the privilege to bathe in the swarm. The joy of indulgence in the crowd is a skill in itself. Any human by himself or herself at the cost of fun of spirit is a person whom a faerie has encouraged a flavor of attire and mask in his cradle. This person disliked home life and dedication for journey. Withdrawal and confinement are like and correspondent terms for an effectiveRead MoreElements of Genocide: Collective Behaviour and Acting Crowd Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesCollective behaviour can be separated into two divisions, crowds and masses, which can be further subdivided, one of the most dangerous being an acting crowd. During World War II, an acting crowd known as the Nazi party brought forward the massacre of millions. After the war, in 1943 Raphael Lemkin, a Jewish-Polish lawyer, created the term genocide to describe the mass extermination of various groups. He combined Latin word â€Å"genos† (race or tribe) with another Latin term â€Å"cide† (to kill). AfterRead MoreDoctor Faustus : The Relationship Of Mephastophilis And Faustus1597 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess through learning supernatural powers. Alas, his admirable ambition and determined quest result in his tragic demise and ultimate downfall. In the Resurgens Theatre Company’ s production of Doctor Faustus, directed by Brent Griffin, the psychological perspective and narrative of Faustus is highlighted through the use of minimalistic approaches in casting, setting, and editing of the text. The production portrays Faustus’ renaissance characteristics and gives the audience an interactive andRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesMichaela Wolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travelsRead MoreCrowd Psychology1510 Words   |  7 PagesEssay This essay will explore how deindividuation theory might explain the looting behaviour that can sometimes accompany crowd riots. The core concepts and assumptions of the deindividuation theory will be critically evaluated. The potential strengths and limitations of this theory will be considered, as an explanation of crowd looting. The social identity approach on crowd behaviour will be used in contrast of the deindividuation approach. Research and evidence will be used from social psychologyRead MoreAnalysis Of Edward Scissorhands, By Tim Burton1660 Words   |  7 Pagestortured boy, outsider and artist. I am going to discuss how cultural and psychological concerns are represented through characterization, art direction, cinematography, and sound. I will support my discussion by analyzing a reflection on both the similarities and differences between the two films, and whether a distinctive â€Å"Burton† signature (aesthetics, cultural and psychological concerns) is evident. Cultural and psychological concerns is apparent through the use of characterization. Isolation/AlienationRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 Pagesand processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). Marketers need to generate the ideal mix of the marketing elements to meet the needs of their customers in their target market. Customer satisfaction is the key objective in the marketing concept. Marketing concept outlines that â€Å"marketing begins and ends with customers† (Pride, 2011, p.35). Marketing concept alsoRead More Shooting an Elephant, Critical Analysis Essay example771 Words   |  4 Pageswritten in protest of those governments, but in a fictional back ground. In Orwell’s essay Shooting an Elephant, he uses a personal experience to more clearly emphasize the impact of imperialism at the sociological and psychological level, in conjunction with other literary elements. This symposium of devices help drive the purpose of his paper and ultimately creates a more substantial impact on any reader. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most obvious is his choice to illustrate his point throughRead More7 Os: Occupants, Objects, Objectives, Organizations, Operations, Occasions, Outletss1336 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics – socio-cultural (sociological), personal, and psychological influence buying behavior?  · How does the buyer make purchasing decisions? Socio-cultural (sociological), Personal, and Psychological Characteristics Various sociological factors of importance Cultural Factors They have the broadest and deepest influence. Culture Culture is different for different societies. In the modern days, there are more common elements. Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a

Part Three Chapter XI Free Essays

string(20) " it in her bedroom\." XI Krystal did not take Robbie to nursery on Tuesday morning, but dressed him for Nana Cath’s funeral instead. As she pulled up his least ripped trousers, which were a good two inches too short in the leg, she tried to explain to him who Nana Cath had been, but she might as well have saved her breath. Robbie had no memory of Nana Cath; he had no idea what Nana meant; no concept of any relative other than mother and sister. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Three Chapter XI or any similar topic only for you Order Now In spite of her shifting hints and stories, Krystal knew that Terri had no idea who his father was. Krystal heard her mother’s footsteps on the stairs. ‘Leave it,’ she snapped at Robbie, who had reached for an empty beer can lying beneath Terri’s usual armchair. ‘C’m’ere.’ She pulled Robbie by the hand into the hall. Terri was still wearing the pyjama bottoms and dirty T-shirt in which she had spent the night, and her feet were bare. ‘Why intcha changed?’ demanded Krystal. ‘I ain’t goin’,’ said Terri, pushing past her son and daughter into the kitchen. ‘Changed me mind.’ ‘Why?’ ‘I don’ wanna,’ said Terri. She was lighting a cigarette off the ring of the cooker. ‘Don’ fuckin’ ‘ave to.’ Krystal was still holding Robbie’s hand, as he tugged and swung. ‘They’re all goin’,’ said Krystal. ‘Cheryl an’ Shane an’ all.’ ‘So?’ said Terri aggressively. Krystal had been afraid that her mother would pull out at the last minute. The funeral would bring her face to face with Danielle, the sister who pretended that Terri did not exist, not to mention all the other relatives who had disowned them. Anne-Marie might be there. Krystal had been holding on to that hope, like a torch in the darkness, through the nights she had sobbed for Nana Cath and Mr Fairbrother. ‘You gotta go,’ said Krystal. ‘No, I ain’.’ ‘It’s Nana Cath, innit,’ said Krystal. ‘So?’ said Terri, again. ‘She done loads fer us,’ said Krystal. ‘No, she ain’,’ snapped Terri. ‘She did,’ said Krystal, her face hot and her hand clutching Robbie’s. ‘Fer you, maybe,’ said Terri. ‘She done fuck-all for me. Go an’ fuckin’ bawl all over ‘er fuckin’ grave if yeh want. I’m waitin’ in.’ ‘Wha’ for?’ said Krystal. ‘My bus’ness, innit.’ The old familiar shadow fell. ‘Obbo’s comin’ round, is ‘e?’ ‘My bus’ness,’ repeated Terri, with pathetic dignity. ‘Come to the funeral,’ said Krystal loudly. ‘You go.’ ‘Don’ go fuckin’ usin’,’ said Krystal, her voice an octave higher. ‘I ain’,’ said Terri, but she turned away, looking out of the dirty back window over the patch of overgrown litter-strewn grass they called the back garden. Robbie tugged his hand out of Krystal’s and disappeared into the sitting room. With her fists deep in her trackie pockets, shoulders squared, Krystal tried to decide what to do. She wanted to cry at the thought of not going to the funeral, but her distress was edged with relief that she would not have to face the battery of hostile eyes she had sometimes met at Nana Cath’s. She was angry with Terri, and yet felt strangely on her side. You don’t even know who the father is, do yeh, yer whore? She wanted to meet Anne-Marie, but was scared. ‘All righ’, then, I’ll stay an’ all.’ ‘You don’ ‘ave ter. Go, if yeh wan’. I don’ fuckin’ care.’ But Krystal, certain that Obbo would appear, stayed. Obbo had been away for more than a week, for some nefarious purpose of his own. Krystal wished that he had died, that he would never come back. For something to do, she began to tidy the house, while smoking one of the roll-ups Fats Wall had given her. She didn’t like them, but she liked that he had given them to her. She had been keeping them in Nikki’s plastic jewellery box, along with Tessa’s watch. She had thought that she might not see Fats any more, after their shag in the cemetery, because he had been almost silent afterwards and left her with barely a goodbye, but they had since met up on the rec. She could tell that he had enjoyed this time more than the last; they had not been stoned, and he had lasted longer. He lay beside her in the grass beneath the bushes, smoking, and when she had told him about Nana Cath dying, he had told her that Sukhvinder Jawanda’s mother had given Nana Cath the wrong drugs or something; he was not clear exactly what had happened. Krystal had been horrified. So Nana Cath need not have died; she might still have been in the neat little house on Hope Street, there in case Krystal needed her, offering a refuge with a comfortable clean-sheeted bed, the tiny kitchen full of food and mismatched china, and the little TV in the corner of the sitting room: I don’ wanna watch no filth, Krystal, turn that off. Krystal had liked Sukhvinder, but Sukhvinder’s mother had killed Nana Cath. You did not differentiate between members of an enemy tribe. It had been Krystal’s avowed intention to pulverize Sukhvinder; but then Tessa Wall had intervened. Krystal could not remember the details of what Tessa had told her; but it seemed that Fats had got the story wrong or, at least, not exactly right. She had given Tessa a grudging promise not to go after Sukhvinder, but such promises could only ever be stop-gaps in Krystal’s frantic ever-changing world. ‘Put it down!’ Krystal shouted at Robbie, because he was trying to prise the lid off the biscuit tin where Terri kept her works. Krystal snatched the tin from him and held it in her hands like a living creature, something that would fight to stay alive, whose destruction would have tremendous consequences. There was a scratched picture on the lid: a carriage with luggage piled high on the roof, drawn through the snow by four chestnut horses, a coachman in a top hat carrying a bugle. She carried the tin upstairs with her, while Terri sat in the kitchen smoking, and hid it in her bedroom. You read "Part Three Chapter XI" in category "Essay examples" Robbie trailed after her. ‘Wanna go play park.’ She sometimes took him and pushed him on the swings and the roundabout. ‘Not today, Robbie.’ He whined until she shouted at him to shut up. Later, when it was dark – after Krystal had made Robbie his tea of spaghetti hoops and given him a bath; when the funeral was long since over – Obbo rapped on the front door. Krystal saw him from Robbie’s bedroom window and tried to get there first, but Terri beat her to it. ‘All righ’, Ter?’ he said, over the threshold before anyone had invited him in. †Eard you was lookin’ fer me las’ week.’ Although she had told him to stay put, Robbie had followed Krystal downstairs. She could smell his shampooed hair over the smell of fags and stale sweat that clung to Obbo in his ancient leather jacket. Obbo had had a few; when he leered at her, she smelt the beer fumes. ‘All righ’, Obbo?’ said Terri, with the note in her voice Krystal never heard otherwise. It was conciliating, accommodating; it conceded that he had rights in their house. ‘Where you bin, then?’ ‘Bristol,’ he said. ‘How’s you, Ter?’ ‘She don’ wan’ nuthin’,’ said Krystal. He blinked at her through his thick glasses. Robbie was clutching Krystal’s leg so tightly that she could feel his nails in her skin. ‘Oo’s this, Ter?’ asked Obbo. ‘Yer mum?’ Terri laughed. Krystal glared at him, Robbie’s grip tight on her thigh. Obbo’s bleary gaze dropped to him. ‘An’ ‘ow’s me boy?’ ‘He ain’ your fuckin’ boy,’ said Krystal. †Ow d’you know?’ Obbo asked her quietly, grinning. ‘Fuck off. She don’ wan’ nuthin’. Tell ‘im,’ Krystal virtually shouted at Terri. ‘Tell ‘im you don’ wan’ nuthin’.’ Daunted, caught between two wills much stronger than her own, Terri said, †E on’y come rounda see – ‘ ‘No, ‘e ain’t,’ said Krystal. ‘No, ‘e fuckin’ ain’t. Tell ‘im. She don’ wan’ nuthin’,’ she said fiercely into Obbo’s grinning face. ‘She’s bin off it fer weeks.’ ‘Is tha’ right, Terri?’ said Obbo, still smiling. ‘Yeah, it is,’ said Krystal, when Terri did not answer. ‘She’s still at Bellchapel.’ ‘Noffur much longer,’ said Obbo. ‘Fuck off,’ said Krystal, outraged. ‘Closin’ it,’ said Obbo. ‘Are they?’ said Terri in sudden panic. ‘They ain’t, are they?’ ‘Course they are,’ said Obbo. ‘Cuts, innit?’ ‘You don’t know nuthin’,’ Krystal told Obbo. ‘It’s bollocks,’ she told her mother. ‘They ‘aven’ said nuthin’, ‘ave they?’ ‘Cuts,’ repeated Obbo, patting his bulging pockets for cigarettes. ‘We got the case review,’ Krystal reminded Terri. ‘Yeh can’t use. Yeh can’t.’ ‘Wha’s that?’ asked Obbo, fiddling with his lighter, but neither woman enlightened him. Terri met her daughter’s gaze for a bare two seconds; her eyes fell, reluctantly, to Robbie in his pyjamas, still clinging tightly to Krystal’s leg. ‘Yeah, I wuz gonna go ter bed, Obbo,’ she mumbled, without looking at him. ‘I’ll mebbe see yer another time.’ ‘I ‘eard your Nan died,’ he said. ‘Cheryl wuz tellin’ me.’ Pain contorted Terri’s face; she looked as old as Nana Cath herself. ‘Yeah, I’m goin’ ter bed. C’mon, Robbie. Come wi’ me, Robbie.’ Robbie did not want to let go of Krystal while Obbo was still there. Terri held out her claw-like hand. ‘Yeah, go on, Robbie,’ Krystal urged him. In certain moods, Terri clutched her son like a teddy bear; better Robbie than smack. ‘Go on. Go wi’ Mum.’ He was reassured by something in Krystal’s voice, and allowed Terri to take him upstairs. ‘See yeh,’ said Krystal, without looking at Obbo, but stalking away from him into the kitchen, pulling the last of Fats Wall’s roll-ups out of her pocket and bending to light it off the gas ring. She heard the front door close and felt triumphant. Fuck him. ‘You got a lovely arse, Krystal.’ She jumped so violently that a plate slipped off the heaped side and smashed on the filthy floor. He had not gone, but had followed her. He was staring at her chest in its tight T-shirt. ‘Fuck off,’ she said. ‘Big girl, intcha?’ ‘Fuck off.’ ‘I ‘eard you give it away free,’ said Obbo, closing in. ‘You could make better money’n yer mum.’ ‘Fuck – ‘ His hand was on her left breast. She tried to knock it away; he seized her wrist in his other hand. Her lit cigarette grazed his face and he punched her, twice, to the side of the head; more plates shattered on the filthy floor and then, as they wrestled, she slipped and fell; the back of her head smacked on the floor, and he was on top of her: she could feel his hand at the waistband of her tracksuit bottoms, pulling. ‘No – fuck – no!’ His knuckles in her belly as he undid his own flies – she tried to scream and he smacked her across the face – the smell of him was thick in her nostrils as he growled in her ear, ‘Fuckin’ shout and I’ll cut yer.’ He was inside her and it hurt; she could hear him grunting and her own tiny whimper; she was ashamed of the noise she made, so frightened and so small. He came and clambered off her. At once she pulled up her tracksuit bottoms and jumped up to face him, tears pouring down her face as he leered at her. ‘I’ll tell Mist’ Fairbrother,’ she heard herself sob. She did not know where it came from. It was a stupid thing to say. ‘The fuck’s he?’ Obbo tugged up his flies, lit a cigarette, taking his time, blocking her exit. ‘You fuckin’ ‘im too, are yeh? Little slapper.’ He sauntered up the hall and was gone. She was shaking as she had never done in her life. She thought she might be sick; she could smell him all over her. The back of her head throbbed; there was a pain inside her, and wetness seeping into her pants. She ran out of the room into the living room and stood, shivering, with her arms wrapped around herself; then she knew a moment of terror, that he would come back, and hurried to the front door to lock it. Back in the sitting room she found a long stub in the ashtray and lit it. Smoking, shaking and sobbing, she sank into Terri’s usual chair, then jumped up because she heard footsteps on the stairs: Terri had reappeared, looking confused and wary. ‘Wha’ssa matter with you?’ Krystal gagged on the words. ‘He jus’ – he jus’ fucked me.’ ‘Wha’?’ said Terri. ‘Obbo – ‘e jus’ – ‘ †E wouldn’.’ It was the instinctive denial with which Terri met all of life: he wouldn’t, no, I never, no, I didn’t. Krystal flew at her and pushed her; emaciated as she was, Terri crumpled backwards into the hall, shrieking and swearing; Krystal ran to the door she had just locked, fumbled to unfasten it and wrenched it open. Still sobbing, she was twenty yards along the dark street before she realized that Obbo might be waiting out here, watching. She cut across a neighbour’s garden at a run and took a zig-zag route through back ways in the direction of Nikki’s house, and all the time the wetness spread in her pants and she thought she might throw up. Krystal knew that it was rape, what he had done. It had happened to Leanne’s older sister in the car park of a nightclub in Bristol. Some people would have gone to the police, she knew that; but you did not invite the police into your life when your mother was Terri Weedon. I’ll tell Mist’ Fairbrother. Her sobs came faster and faster. She could have told Mr Fairbrother. He had known what real life was like. One of his brothers had done time. He had told Krystal stories of his youth. It had not been like her youth – nobody was as low as her, she knew that – but like Nikki’s, like Leanne’s. Money had run out; his mother had bought her council house and then been unable to keep up the payments; they had lived for a while in a caravan lent by an uncle. Mr Fairbrother took care of things; he sorted things out. He had come to their house and talked to Terri about Krystal and rowing, because there had been an argument and Terri was refusing to sign forms for Krystal to go away with the team. He had not been disgusted, or he had not shown it, which came to the same thing. Terri, who liked and trusted nobody, had said, †E seems all righ’,’ and she had signed. Mr Fairbrother had once said to her, ‘It’ll be tougher for you than these others, Krys; it was tougher for me. But you can do better. You don’t have to go the same way.’ He had meant working hard at school and stuff, but it was too late for that and, anyway, it was all bollocks. How would reading help her now? ‘Ow’s me boy? He ain’ your fuckin’ boy. ‘Ow d’you know? Leanne’s sister had had to get the morning-after pill. Krystal would ask Leanne about the pill and go and get it. She could not have Obbo’s baby. The thought of it made her retch. I gotta get out of here. She thought fleetingly of Kay, and then discarded her: as bad as the police, to tell a social worker that Obbo walked in and out of their house, raping people. She would take Robbie for sure, if she knew that. A clear lucid voice in Krystal’s head was speaking to Mr Fairbrother, who was the only adult who had ever talked to her the way she needed, unlike Mrs Wall, so well-intentioned and so blinkered, and Nana Cath, refusing to hear the whole truth. I gotta get Robbie out of here. How can I get away? I gotta get away. Her one sure refuge, the little house in Hope Street, was already being gobbled up by squabbling relatives †¦ She scurried around a corner underneath a street lamp, looking over her shoulder in case he was watching her, following. And then the answer came to her, as though Mr Fairbrother had shown her the way. If she got knocked up by Fats Wall, she would be able to get her own place from the council. She would be able to take Robbie to live with her and the baby if Terri used again. And Obbo would never enter her house, not ever. There would be bolts and chains and locks on the door, and her house would be clean, always clean, like Nana Cath’s house. Half running along the dark street, Krystal’s sobs slowed and subsided. The Walls would probably give her money. They were like that. She could imagine Tessa’s plain, concerned face, bending over a cot. Krystal would have their grandchild. She would lose Fats in getting pregnant; they always went, once you were expecting; she had watched it happen nearly every time in the Fields. But perhaps he would be interested; he was so strange. It did not much matter to her either way. Her interest in him, except as the essential component in her plan, had dwindled to almost nothing. What she wanted was the baby: the baby was more than a means to an end. She liked babies; she had always loved Robbie. She would keep the two of them safe, together; she would be like a better, kinder, younger Nana Cath to her family. Anne-Marie might come and visit, once she was away from Terri. Their children would be cousins. A very vivid image of herself and Anne-Marie came to Krystal; they were standing at the school gates of St Thomas’s in Pagford, waving off two little girls in pale blue dresses and ankle socks. The lights were on in Nikki’s house, as they always were. Krystal broke into a run. How to cite Part Three Chapter XI, Essay examples

Patriot movie essay free essay sample

Because I know I’m not writing this essay for someone who hasn’t seen the movie, I’m not going to describe every single second in this summary, just the most important parts. The movie is about the historical event: the American Revolutionary War. The main character, Benjamin Martin, whom I like to call Martin rather than Benjamin and so I will, has fought in the French – Indian war, also known as the Seven Years’ war or the War of the Conquest. However, he regrets his brutal deeds, so during the revolutionary war he wants to take care of his family without being involved in it. His two oldest sons, Gabriel and Thomas don’t agree with his decisions: they want to fight. When Gabriel secretly signs himself up to fight the war, Martin is furious, although he can’t do anything about. Time passes, but when suddenly on a normal evening they hear a battlefield coming closer and closer, a wounded soldier enters their house: it’s Gabriel. The next morning, after the battle’s been fought, Martin and his family treat/help all the wounded soldiers, both British and American. But when British Colonel William Tavington comes by, he’s not so happy with this. To punish Martin and his family, he burns the house, and for being a betrayer, he wants to hang Gabriel. Thomas tries to stop him and gets shot. From this moment, Martin is wildly active. Gabriel gets back to rejoin his squad while Martin gets in charge of the South Carolina militia and travels from town to town to get men to fight with him. They win (almost) every battle by the use of the guerilla techniques: standing behind a tree/bush and from there attack the enemy (the British were used to formal fighting). When British general Lord Cornwallis hears about the attacs on this men, he orders Tavington to take Martin and his militia down. Tavington then does everything for information. When an old friend of Martin snitches to Tavington where Martin’s family is, Tavington burns their house. Luckily they escape. However, when Tavington and his army find the town where most of the men from Martin’s militia come from, he locks everyone in the church and demands information. When he has everything he wants, he burns down the church. Gabriel is furious when he sees the burned church, because he knows his wife was in there and thus died. He follows Tavington army and fight them with his small, leftover militia. Unfortunaly he gets killed by Tavington. When Martin sees this, he is hopeless. He wants to give up. But when picks up Gabriels bag, he sees a repaired American flag and it reminds him of his goal. He returns and in the last battle, he kills Tavington. Part 2: Chapter 1 The patriot is based on the historical event: the Revolutionary war, which is part of the time of the Wigs and Revolutions. The Revolutionary war, also known as the American war for Independence, took place from 1775 till 1783. It started off when in 1775, the first battles were fought, although the 13 colonies hadn’t declared independence until 1776. In the colonies themselves, there were several groups of people: the Loyalists, who were on the side of Great Britain, the Patriots (a patriot is someone who fights for his fatherland) , who were against them and were also called the colonial rebels, and the Fence sitters: the majority of the people that lived in the colonies that hadn’t picked a side. The patriot focuses mainly on a family that was against Great Britain and their way to achieve independency. So, since the movie showed only the journey of the patriots, the way Great Britain is showed is not presented how it really was. The director has clearly exaggerated in their actions. I will come back to this point later in this essay. Another thing that I noticed was that Martin and his family treated their slaves as their workers. In the scene that Tavington burns down their house, he sees a slave and tells him that slaves are obligatory to join the army, in which he responds that he’s not a slave, but a worker. This confused me, because after my research I understood that the Southern colonies were the ones that were the most active with slaves. It turned out that Martin’s family was one of the minority that fought against slavery, or at least showed a clear sign that they were against it, in the Southern region (which is good). In the movie, Martin’s militia goes from town to town and everyone volunteers to join him. What I thought was weird about this, is that it happened in the Southern regions where most slavery took place, and there were zero loyalists. It’s not that I’m linking this to slavery, because that wouldn’t make any sense, but the fact that it was one of the colonies that was doing bad things, you would expect that there would  be some loyalists out there as well. It would’ve made their journey much harder and the movie much more realistic if you ask me. Another small, but strange thing was when Martin killed the last soldier with his axe, his children are frightened by their father: they had never seen him like them before. However, the same evening, Martin is putting one of his sons in, but instead of being frightened (what I definitely would be), he tells him that he is glad that he killed them, and when you look close, you can tell by the look on his face that he’s proud of his actions. To me, NO CHILD, I repeat, NO CHILD WOULD DO THAT. It gives a clear sign of a mentally disordered child that has plans to kill in the future again and I don’t think this is proper. And even if he isn’t, the director should have shown a to death scared child that wouldn’t even come close to his father. NOT PRESENTED AS IT REALLY WAS I SAY. To round off: the amount of fiction takes over the amount of reality, so I say that it is a fictional story, based on a historical event. To continue with the characters, there were a couple that in fact actually existed, but most of them were made up. The one that lived in that time, was General Cornwallis. It makes sense, because the movie would look completely unrealistic if you gave someone who was the big deal back then, a fake name. It would look even dumber because he isn’t even a big part of the movie. Tavington is based on colonel Banastre Tarleton, who got famous by his cruel and heartless deeds. Even though I can imagine cruel, British Colonels, I think Tavington’s character is based on Tarleton’s actions times 10. As I said, they have really exaggerated on the Britains (but they’re Americans, so yeah.. ). Martin was based on: Andrew Pickens, who was the actual militia leader of South Carolina and as well a congressman, just like Francis Marion, who was famous for the use of the guerilla techniques, Daniel Morgan, who gave his army a break and became famous of that, which Martin did in the movie and Thomas Sumter, whose house was burned down. He as well served in the French – Indian army. All these men together make Martin. In the movie, to me only one message is given: if you really want something, let nothing or no one stop you! Gabriel is the one that brought the message to me the best. He kept on telling his father (mostly) and everyone who wanted to hear it, for what he was fighting: a free America. It especially became clear to me in the scene where he repaired the American flag. It was a nice scene. Part 3: Chapter 2 The time of wigs and revolutions, a time in which a lot of changes took place. The period had the following characteristics that were presented in the movie as well: human rights, optimistically, believed in a better world, luck was for everyone, freedom, stories that would touch your heart, less religion and more scientifically proven facts. To start with, Martin’s family believed that everyone was equal, since they didn’t see slaves as slaves, but workers. According to it, there was actually very little till no slavery at all. This could be part of the time period: luck was for everyone, equality and human rights. But to the actual period where it happened, these views on slavery are nonsense. South Carolina was one of the states that was so attached to slaveholding that it was the first state to leave the union, after Lincoln’s elections. So, the characteristics match the period of time where they became new, but the actual happening is far from true when it comes to slavery. Gabriel was very optimistic: he believed in a better world and that luck was for everyone. He strongly believed in a free America and would do whatever he could to achieve his goal, no matter what it’d take: a real patriot. Gabriel is thus the character that to me is most based on the time period he lived in. Another characteristic is that people started to believe less in God and more in proven facts. Everything could be proven and God would not be part of the solution. This aspect is not shown in the movie at all. People still went to church on a daily basis and Martin even crossed his head, shoulders and mouth before he started a battle, which is a Catholic ritual. While this took place in the beginning of the 18th century, the movie is representing the end of it, so it wrongly shows the principle of looking for a resolution without God, mainly because the cross ritual is simply expressing that you belong to God and you have faith in Him. The patriot is a story that would actually touch your heart. Not because of the cruel deeds, but the little emotional scenes that take place during the movie and the movie as a whole. Because 90% of the movies are battles, the other scenes are more beautiful than they would if they were apart. In the movie, so many people gave their lives for their country, even though they were colonies. It is beautiful to see how they are determined to have a free America, even though if that includes them not being part of it. The special thing is that Martin is at first totally against his son being part of it, because he used to fight in an army as well and his past that he regrets keeps on coming back. However, Gabriel did what he wanted and at a certain point, Martin sees that Gabriel fights for something personally wants, while Martin was forced to do so. The bond they create during the movie shows almost every characteristic of the time: together they believe in a better world and have an optimistic view on life. If they finish their journey, they eventually will be free (and until then at least be free from Tavington): a better world would take place soon. The bond together with the message create a heart touching movie (without all the battles), although I don’t think it is proper to use in a history class. If you’d ask me, the movie was made up by a fat, burger eating American who just lost an online x-box game from a Brit. Sorry not sorry, but the movie is as I said before wrongly presented. I’ve mentioned the slavery part before, but the thing that especially shows that the director was American is the way he depicts Britain. I know I wasn’t there when it happened, nor am I a history teacher, but no one would believe that a Colonel (I mean, you don’t get that title because you bought a lottery ticket and the government ran out of money), would set a church on fire, not to mention putting citizens in it first. Why would an army leading man even does something like that? The one who has come up with the idea of that scene should really get himself checked, because he clearly has some issues. The patriot depicts that even though the rest of the world started to not think of God as a solution of everything, South Carolina still did. Their belief in God remained the same. And then†¦ They set a church on fire With these people in it It doesn’t make sense to me and I don’t think it would make sense to anyone else. Then going back to Tavington: who would actually believe that he would do that? Yes, he might be cruel and heartless, as the person he was based on, but don’t you think that at least one person would protest against his actions? And I don’t even mean to speak out loud what kind of an ass he is, but at least look at him after he gives you a ridiculous order. It in fact happened before setting the church on fire, but it was by a citizen of the town, so that doesn’t count. I’m talking about all the British soldiers who take his orders and do what he tells them to do, without having any trouble with it. It shows to me that every Brit was heartless and cruel as Tavington. This is wrong and should never be exposed to a group of innocent students who had no idea of what the war was about. BUT, if you showed specific parts of the movies, all the beautiful scenes, for example when Gabriel drank thee with Anne (front page picture), however this is not relevant for a class to see, or when Gabriel is repairing the American flag and talks to Occam about his views on a better world. These characteristics, the ones I mentioned earlier and the movie message could perfectly be used to teach a class about their way of thinking back then. Just not the whole movie, since it depicts a false view on the Britains. Part 4: Conclusion Before I started with this project, I thought it would be easy: watching a movie, giving a summary and answering some questions. However, it was much harder and took more time than I thought. I was lucky that I started a week before the due date. What I’ve learned? About the revolution itself, I’ve learned a lot, because I’ve done a lot of research, leading to more questions (e. g. : when did the American Revolution start? But wait..why did it begin? ) . I didn’t mind that, because it’s an interesting topic and I’ve learned a lot about it. The movie itself was a good one to watch, nice scenes, bad scenes: a typical movie. I want to keep my conclusion short, because I will recall everything I’ve typed for the last four days and I don’t want that. So opinion: good movie, bad depicting of the Britains, main characteristics of the time period are shown proper, don’t use the movie to teach a class about the war. That was it, I hope you enjoyed reading it!

Baz luhrmann and Moulin Rouge Essays

Baz luhrmann and Moulin Rouge Essays Baz luhrmann and Moulin Rouge Paper Baz luhrmann and Moulin Rouge Paper Baz Luhrmann, born Mark Anthony Luhrmann but was later nicknamed Baz due to his resemblance to the character Basil Brush. he was born on September 17, 1962, is an Oscar and Golden Globe-nominated Australian film director, screenwriter, and producer. His films are distinguished by their flamboyant theatricality and oversaturated colours. Baz Luhrmann has done it again. This time with Ewan McGregor as Pariss own Romeo and the dazzling Nicole Kidman replacing the innocent character of Juliet with the courtesan Satine. Together, they create a whole new meaning to the word colour, blazing on to the screen with such electricity, a true Baz Luhrman technique. Paris 1900: by the window of a small room with the keys of a typewriter at his fingers, sits the broken-hearted writer ready to write his story. A story about love, truth, beauty and freedom. At the beginning, Baz lurhmann sweeps us over the rooftops of the streets of Paris to this point, in a bleak black and white image as the writer recalls back on his heartbreaking memories, and very creatively sweeps us back to the joyful times filling the screen with vibrant colours as the magnificence of the bohemian lifestyle explodes onto the screen. Enter Christian, a young handsome writer on the search for success in Paris against his fathers wishes following his lifelong dream. A character so full of enthusiasm and life, who better to play the role of Christian than the star himself, Ewan McGregor. Upon meeting Toulouse Lautrec, the leader of a petty group of actors, he is hired as their playwright for a musical at the Moulin Rouge, impressing them with a song to boast his talent. Cheery, vigorous melodies erupt on display building a hearty atmosphere, once again, one of many of Baz Lurhmans creative techniques to capture the audience. An innocent, naive Christian is led to the Moulin Rouge, a place where mens fantasies spring to life. It is here where we are introduced to the sparkling diamond of the Moulin Rouge, the infamous star that descends lighting up the faces of the men as she passes, the seducing Satine. Nicole Kidman couldnt have played the role of Satine better. She leaves the men of the audience of the nightclub dazzled and amazed by her beauty, as she is lowered down on a swing singing Diamonds Are a Girls Best Friend Moulin Rouge is described by Baz Luhrmann as audience participation cinema. This means that the audience can get involved and that emotions are normally high. hich can be contrasted to Bollywood movies. This type of cinema is part of Baz Luhrmanns trademark and he purposely makes films that are flamboyant and overly theatrical. With Strictly Ballroom and Romeo and Juliet as his previous directed movies we can see that Moulin rouge is unique and original in its own style. Only Baz Lurhmans wacky imagination brings vibrant colours and actors and actresses belting out songs from Madonna and Whitney Houston such as like a virgin and I-e-I-e-I will always love yooou-ou-ou to the big screen.

Neurological Disorders essays

Neurological Disorders essays Neurological disorders have been diagnosed and treated with some success for many years now. Disorders ranging from Alzheimers disease to Tourettes Syndrome have been catalogued, identified, and treated. New disorders are diagnosed all the time, however, and sometimes it seems we may never be able to wipe out these diseases of the nervous system. By far the most well known of the neurological disorders, at least in America, is a condition known as Alzheimers disease. It is infamous not only for its penchant for striking the elderly, but because we cannot fathom the cause or a working treatment. This disorder carries a certain mystique with it, because it has apparently been around since man could keep written records. In fact, Elaine Landau writes, Shakespeare wrote about very old age as a time of second childishness and mere oblivion, suggesting that the symptoms of Alzheimers disease were known and recognized even then (23). The only thing we know of Alzheimers disease is that it attacks certain centers of the brain, namely the cerebral cortex, the basal forebrain, and the hippocampus. The cerebral cortex is usually the last thing to be effected, but the hippocampus and the nearby entorhinal cortex are the first victims, causing the classic memory loss associated with Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease often leads to other serious mental and social disorders, as the patient becomes less able to function, even in everyday conditions, and can even grow violent. Another well known disease which effects the nervous system is ALS, or Lou Gehrigs disease. This disease attacks the motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system, causing slow loss of control over the skeletal muscle system. The persons brain is still active and alert, but the stimulus to move the muscles never reaches those muscles, due to the deterioration of the motor neurons in ...

Public Health Preparedness and Safety Assignment

Public Health Preparedness and Safety - Assignment Example From the reading, the healthcare and the public agency that is involved in the simulation is the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction or simply the ISDR. In this case, the strategy generally involves various organizations, institutions and universities which mostly comes together to reduce the number of the injured and the dead by disasters which are triggered by some of the natural hazards. Generally, the agency has been engaging in various concepts and measures that protect the community’s health and safety aspects. One of the main concepts for protecting the safety and health aspects of the involved communities is by upgrading building constructions in the community. There is the believe that in most cases, earthquakes never kill people, but instead, the houses do kill people when they collapse. Therefore, the agency prefers building resilient houses especially in communities and areas, which are prone to earthquakes. Building resilient houses in earthquake prone areas gives the communities a chance to survive especially when the hazard strike. Another concept that helps in protecting the involved communities is through legislations. In a situation where construction of hotels is not allowed to at least 200 meters from the water body, then it means that most tourists visiting the area will be safe from hurricane and floods. Alternatively, education remains one of the major concepts and measures in the reduction of negative natural hazard impacts. In this case, the ISDR plays a significant role in convincing the government in making the world a safer place (Playerthree and UN/ISDR, 2007). One of the best decisions made in the simulations is the construction of resilient houses especially in areas that are prone to earthquakes through a plan known as Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. Building resilient houses in earthquake prone areas gives the communities a

THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION FOR A HEALTHY LIFE STYLE Essay

THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRITION FOR A HEALTHY LIFE STYLE - Essay Example Some cut back on the proteins, while others reduce the intake of carbohydrates in certain proportions. But according to the latest study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, the comparison of different diets shows that they are not only very difficult, their tastes buds are already immune to a pattern in which they cannot stay away from cheese burger, additives, pizza, candy or soda for very long, but also not successful in most cases (Parker, 2008). Thus failure of weight loss due to such diets leads people to believe that its it their fault they are overweight and hence has further negative effects on their lifestyle, for example loss of self confidence. The answer to such negative effects is not diets but instead a healthy lifestyle which may not make one very skinny but a person can enjoy a good healthy life. In opinion an additional advantage of having nutritional food over unhealthy food is that not only the consumption becomes less (since we won't eat packets and packets of Doritos), but also less expensive (organic food) and makes our lifestyle fit, our bodies stronger and lowers our health cost since we would be required to spend much time in the doctor's office or the hospital.

Strategic Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Accounting - Assignment Example Quality costing should therefore be understood as the cost of not producing a product, which bears the above components that gauge a quality product or service (Thompson, 2010). The aspect of quality cost arises from the third era of quality where it emerges as a tool of quality assurance with its main goal being to avoid problems, by giving room to coordination of activities. Quality control as a technique of management accounting has been improved over time through the contribution of various scholars, who added in more knowledge and insight to quality control. Crosby initiated the aspect of quality testing through inspection, quality management, quality assurance and improvement (Kilger, 2002). Deming on the other hand shared his contribution by introducing the aspect of companywide quality control, which was later revised by Juran through his total quality management technique (Nokes, 2000). Quality costs are mainly understood in four major groupings which are commonly referred t o as the four types of quality costs. Prevention costs is a type of quality control and is considered as generally the most effective way to manage quality costs and avoid defects of products and services (Sadler, 2003). Prevention costs hold on a projection that it is better to prevent a defect from occurring at the first place than to correct it when it has already occurred, as it tends to be more expensive. Prevention costs make use of control activities such as statistical process control, quality engineering and training, which reduce defects. Prevention cost as a type of quality control also takes in activities relating to quality control, which consists of people who meet to discuss and solve quality problems. Statistical quality control as an activity of quality control is used to detect whether a specific product or service is in or out of quality (Samset, 2010). Prevention costs therefore take in the perspective of all activities that are designed to prevent the initial po or quality of products and services (Commission for local governance, 2000). Appraisal costs are also referred to as inspection costs and are incurred by an organization with the aim of identifying defective products in the production process, to make sure that defective products are not shipped to customers. Appraisal costs have the purpose of inspecting the production process and ensuring defective products are identified and eliminated. Many organizations however look at appraisal costs as expensive and ineffective to customers (Cadez, 2008). Other than employing appraisal costs, many companies encourage customers to be increasingly responsible for their own quality control through designing products that allow simple manufacturing, which gives a chance for quality to be built into the products (Morden, 2012). Internal failure costs on the other hand refer to cots incurred internally when a particular product fails to conform to design specifications that had been identified init ially. Internal failure

Sustainability In Julius Berger Nig Plc Construction Essay

Sustainability In Julius Berger Nig Plc Construction Essay Civil engineering has played a vital role in human development. It has also enhanced the quality of live of people today, through the provision of basic water supply, pollution control, transportation, industrial/commercial, urban infrastructure. Each of these engineering work has made life more comfortable, convenient, accessible, healthy and longer not only for the local population (Nigerians), but for all. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering ( 2007a). A Nigerian civil engineering company, which was a subsidiary of Bilfinger Berger AG, called Julius Berger Nigeria Limited was incorporated in 1970. The company became listed in the Nigerian stock exchange as Julius Berger Nigeria PLc, to carry out complex and diverse engineering projects in Nigeria. One of which is the Eko bridge constructed in 1965. Others include Buildings, offices, residential facilities, functional buildings, sports/recreational facilities, construction of roads, bridges, railways, airports, dams and water supply, plants and factories. Julius- Berger( 2010). The company has modernised much of the transportation infrastructure in Nigeria since 1970 and is responsible for the design and construction of the new Nigerian capital at Abuja. ide-Jetro ( 2010). It must be emphasised that the same infrastructure developed in the country, and the economies and standard of living these enormous facilities support, is contributing to environmental degradation due to the size and scale of its effects on the environment. There are clear and unambiguous signs that show that the human population is now impacting negatively to the global environment, thus threatening our life support systems .The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007b). SUSTAINABILITY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT (JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLC) In defining sustainability from the perspective of Julius Berger Nigeria PLc. it is pertinent to understand that it is not as easy as the text book definition of sustainability which lays emphasis on the future. A sustainable society is defined to be aware of the needs of future generations and is farseeing enough. New Civil Engineering (2010a). However, according to them, in the real world most societies are not run that way. This is because politicians are more interested in how a project performs during their tenure in office than the whole life cycle of the project. This is the reason why projects fail to be sustainable. The only reason why a newly constructed bridge collapsed in India just before the commencement of the 2010 commonwealth games, or why the water system stopped working and needs urgent maintenance. According to New Civil Engineering (2010b) that cited a report from the American Society of Civil Engineers 2 (ASCE), twenty seven percent of six hundred thousand bridg es in the US are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. This is the case also in Nigeria. Where there are so many unsustainable projects. Nigerian cities are witnessing high rates of environmental deterioration and are rated among urban areas with the lowest livibility index in the world Adedeji and Eziyi ( 2010a).The fact is that these old systems are subjected to the end of their life time and there are some responsibilities about the maintenance of these infrastructures. New Civil Engineering (2010c). The obvious problem is that government still insists on taking the old fashioned path, of assigning absolutely unsustainable projects for the mere fact that they are less pricey options. Sustainable development should be one that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. The Bruntland Report (WCED) (1987). This is the general definition of the concept. The harsh reality is that Nigerian cities are hug ely under developed and unsustainable. This is inspire of the fact that Julius Berger Nigeria Plc is the biggest construction company in the country. Majority of the problem can be traced to a number of factors. These include the colonial antecedent of most Nigerian cities (Ogbazi, 1992 ; Ikya, 1993) the high rate of urbanization, bad psychological orientation of urban residents on the environment as well as poor environmental management practices (Meale, 1991; Agukoronye, 2004). Sustainability is improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems IUCN; WWF and UNEP (1991). These generally accepted definitions are recognised also at Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, where management and in fact all the stakeholders are aware of the new concepts on sustainability which according to The Canadian Society for civil engineering ( 2007c)includes the newly emergent issues of climate change, peak oil, sustainable transportation, environmental restoration, ecosystem disruption, ethics and equity and infrastructural operations and maintenance, as it concerns the construction industry. However in practice, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc has not done so much to implement sustainability. For sustainability to be implemented in the Nigerian built environment, there has to be four distinguished management levels of which the environmental sustainability of the built environment can be influenced. These are the environmental cooperatio n routines, environmental technology policies, environmental regulations and incentives. Bossink, (ed) (2010). Sustainability at Julius Berger should simply consider the whole life cycle assessment (LSA) of the alternatives when building a project. New Civil Engineering (2010d). In other words the company should first consider the whole life cycle of the product before construction starts. This will have the least effect on the environment and biodiversity as well as the capitals that have been eluded earlier. Practically according to New Civil Engineering (2010e), this entails a detailed study of the stages of making, using and disposing of the product before choosing on an option. The stages of the product which starts from extraction of the raw materials needed for the project to the design of the project, the formulation, specification, processing, manufacturing, assembly, construction, packaging, use, maintenance, refurbishment, reusing, recycling and finally disposal. What obtains at Julius Berger today is that after the project has been critically analysed and studied to ascertain the cost, in terms of its profitability and affordability. The company would then decide on the source of capital for the project. Then after wards the project is assigned to workers for construction. Julius Berger Nigeria Plc concept of sustainability is improving the quality of projects for future generations of Nigerians. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA AND THE ROLE JULIUS BERGER SHOULD PLAY IN NIGERIA (On Sustainability) The Nigerian environmental problem has been identified to have serious adverse socio economic and ecological implications .These are traceable to factors like high rate of urbanization, poor environmental management etc (Rashid, 1982; NEST, 1991; World Bank, 1992; Anih, 2004). This means that Julius Berger Nigeria Plc is faced with an enormous problem caused by a rapidly growing population. According to Adedeji and Eziyi (2010b), rural urban migration remains one of the major contributors to the ever increasing urban population growth in Nigeria. Also in Nigeria, Mba et al (eds) (2004) identified several other types of environmental problems which were classified as ecological, poaching, loss of habitat, increasing desertification and soil erosion. These were further subdivided into pollution, deforestation, global warming and slum development. The coastal regions currently experiencing widespread contamination from petroleum exploration, gas flaring and oil spillage. In this regar d, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc should realise that infrastructural development can no longer be done in a microcosm on a project level a more holistic inclusion of the complex interactions of human society and the environment upon which it depends, is needed. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007d). JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLC AND SUSTAINABILITY Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, should instil the concept of sustainability which is a concept that includes the triple bottom line and a life cycle assessment into the planning, design and operation of civil infrastructure, and in this way promote the development of new technologies and management practices for the use of energy, non renewable resources, and the production of waste materials The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007e). There are several sustainable development issues that affect Civil Engineering practices that should be understood and implemented by Julius Berger, Nigeria Plc to mitigate their ecological impact. These include climate change. The potential impact of climate change upon the built environment (civil infrastructure) changes in extreme hydrological and meteorological events, and there should be a growing effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as adaptation requirements. Already the effect of climate change can be felt in Nigeria Where environmental problems due to oil exploration has inflicted tremendous damage on the ecosystem, health and livelihood of the people of the region Adedeji and Eziyi, (2010c). According to the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007f) Julius Berger Nigeria Plc should adopt best practices for eco-efficiency, such as increased energy/water efficiency, the minimization of waste and resource consumption and the employment of clean technologies. Also stated by them, there should be the use of performance based standards and guidelines identifying the outcome required as opposed to a prescriptive path that must be followed to enable designers to achieve improved results. There is also depleting oil and natural gas reserves which have severe consequences (Peak oil). The society and indeed Julius Berger Nigeria Plc must meet certain societal priorities and implement policies: these include energy conservation and efficiency, developing alternative renewable sources and strategies to reduce waste. Julius Berger Nigeria Plc should also endorse Green Construction construction that achieves the beneficial objectives of engineering work with the lowest possible consumption of raw materials and energy, both during and after construction. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007g). In this regard every decision taken should aim to minimise environmental burdens of climate change, resource depletion, energy depletion, the loss of biodiversity, and human health, genetically modified products and modified environmental vectors. On the issue of sustainable transportation, Julius Berger should introduce the use of pedestrian amenities, mass transit, and energy conservation in transportation systems. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007h). Effort should also be made by the company to sensitise government about the need for environmental restoration. This entails reconstruction of natural features, and fish habitat in rivers and streams, the control of sediment runoff and the removal of dams and tidal barriers. There should also be cleanup and/or redevelopment of contaminated sites. According to (Adedeji and Eziyi, (2010d). A typical example of this can be seen in the issue of end of gas flaring and oil spillages in the Niger Delta region. An area of equal importance to the populace which can eventually bring to an end the restiveness of the youth especially at the Niger delta area is transparency and equity in the provision of basic human services to disadvantaged people, contributing to poverty alleviation, human health and public welfare. Julius Berger Nigeria Plc can contribute to this by implementing its corporate responsibility to communities. However, so far corporate social responsibility does not play an important role in Nigeria, and has not been the subject of a wider public discussion. Bertelsmann. (2009). Application of sustainable energy sources to develop linearly distributed social infrastructure is a key enabling factor that will stimulate grass root economic development, stem the prevailing state of crime, access sufficient quantities of clean water, maintain acceptable standards of food and goods production, sanitation and health of the citizens of Nigeria Udoma and Arciszewski (2010).Infrastructure operations and maintenance is also vital to guarantee an optimal use of the infrastructure. RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES Sustainable risks /opportunities identification: sustainable risks identified at Julius Berger Nigeria Plc include: Cost related risks: Tight project schedule, design variations, variations by the client, unsuitable construction programme planning, occurrence of dispute, price inflation of construction materials, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, incomplete approval and other documents, incomplete or inaccurate cost estimate and inadequate programme schedule. Time related risks: Tight project schedule, design variations, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, variations by the client, incomplete approval and other documents, unsuitable construction programme planning, inadequate programme scheduling, bureaucracy of government, high performance or quality expectation, variations of construction programmes Quality related risks: Tight project schedule, inadequate programme scheduling, unsuitable construction programme planning, incomplete or inaccurate cost estimate, low management competency of subcontractors, high performance or quality expectations, variations of construction programmes, unavailability of sufficient amount of skilled labour, design variations and the lack of coordination between project participants. Environment related risks: Tight project schedule, variations of construction programmes, unavailability of sufficient professionals and managers, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, variations by the client, inadequate or insufficient site information(soil test and survey report), low management competency of subcontractors, high performance or quality expectations, inadequate programme scheduling and serious noise pollution caused by construction Safety related risks: Tight project schedule, low management competency of subcontractors, unsuitable construction programme planning, variations of construction programmes, general safety accident occurrence ,high performance or quality expectations, design variations, lack of coordination between projects participants, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, unavailability of sufficient amount of skilled labour and unavailability of sufficient professionals and managers. Sustainable Risks and Opportunities , Adopted from: Zou, P. et al (2010): identifying key risks in construction projects: Life cycle and stake holder perspective. SUSTAINABILITY RISKS OF JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLC The identifiable risks of Julius Berge Nigeria Plc are socioeconomic factors which include environmental protection, public safety regulations, economic instability, and exchange rate fluctuations. Other risks are organisational relationships which deal with contractual relations, attitudes of participants, and communication. There are also technological problems experienced by the company. These include design assumptions, site condition, construction procedures, and construction occupational safety. Civil Engineering Blog (2010a) Environmental Protection contributes to our companys uncertainty. This stems from the companys inability to know what will be required and the time it will take to get approval from the environmental agency of Nigeria. Requirements associated with continued re evaluation of problems and the lack of definitive criteria which are practical have also resulted in added cost. Civil Engineering Blog (2010b). According to them, economic conditions have added to the uncertainty that our company experiences. High inflation and high interest rates, the deregulation of financial institutions have created problems associated with the financing of construction. The stakeholders of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc (share holders and management) are interested in achieving some financial break through that will help lower the cost of projects and eliminate lengthy delays. The risks related to organisational relationships also affect the company. Strained relationship sometimes occurs between the various organisations involved in the design/construction process. According to Civil Engineering Blog (2010c), when problems occur discussions often centre on responsibilities rather than project needs at a time when the focus should be on solving the problem. The risks associated with technological advancement also affect Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Some new technologies pose problems to designers and constructors. Many design assumptions which have served the professions well in the past may become obsolete in dealing in dealing with new types of facilities which may have greater complexity or scale or both. Civil Engineering Blog ( 2010d). SUSTAINABILITY OPPORTUNITIES OF JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLC Sustainability opportunities of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc include the follows: Investment in human capital, investment in new technologies, corporate social responsibility and carbon footprint. AUDIT TO IDENTIFY AN ACTIVITY (CONSTRUCTION OF A STORM WATER PROJECT) THAT ADHERES PARTIALLY TO THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABILITY. In conducting the audit, the following steps were taken: Identify every activity on construction Identify the actual activities that are not sustainable Identify the number of activities that are Partially sustainable Identify the number of completely sustainable activities; check if construction was based on best practices for eco efficiency. Identify the environmental impact of activities during construction Calculate the current cost of the sustainable construction Julius Berger Nigeria Plc construction activities cannot be considered as Green Construction which was defined as construction that achieves the beneficial objectives of engineering work with the lowest possible consumption of raw materials and energy, both during and after construction. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering ( 2007h). An audit conducted to identify whether the companys storm water project adheres only partially or completely to the principles of sustainability revealed that the companys decisions on construction work were partially aimed at minimizing environmental burdens under five global consequences: resource depletion, energy depletion, climate change, biodiversity, and human health. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007i). Best practices for eco-efficiency, such as increased energy/water efficiency, the minimization of waste and resource consumption, the employment of clean technologies were not employed. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineeri ng (2007j). SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT TOOL Sustainability management tools that can be used to develop a sustainable solution to the storm water project include an EIA, ISO 14001 and GRI. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): There are two assessment processes introduced under 2006 EIA regulations. These include; Basic Assessment: This involves a simpler and faster process of which the public participation process and development of the basic assessment report take place before the submission of an application. Jones (2010). ISO 14001: The international organization for standardization 14001 was published in 1996. It is the most well known and widely used specification standard on environmental management systems. Starkey and Welford (eds) (2005). ISO 14001 are also a series of voluntary, auditable standards that are designed to provide a reasonable assurance of the accuracy of the performance claims of companies. Weybrecht (2010a). GRI: The Global Reporting Initiative (GTI) is for disclosure on economic, environmental, and social performance. This is as commonplace and comparable as financial reporting, and as important as a companys success. Weybrecht (2010b). AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY SOLUTION HIGHLIGHTED IN THE AUDIT Promote the wise use of non renewable resources, waste minimization and recycling in engineering activities and the development of alternatives to the use of non renewable resources; Select materials and systems with low embodied energy and easy reuse; Promote the principles of conservation and energy efficiency; Rigorously examine the basic functions and purposes behind a project to recognise options and alternatives that will increase sustainability; Identify appropriate technology for sustainable development, recognizing that may mean low-tech solutions; Choose a built form and orientation that contribute to environmental economies and future adaptability, flexibility of use and reuse; Select construction methods that minimize the effects of construction and demolition in terms of land take, waste and pollution; Aim to reduce natural, accidental and wilful hazards; Consider individual and cumulative social, economic and environmental impacts (the Triple Bottom line) including long-term and indirect impacts; and Adopt practices, policies and design goals that focus on efficiency, conservation of materials and energy, and waste minimization. Adopted from: The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007k). For construction activities at Julius Berger Nigeria Plc to be sustainable, the company should simply consider the whole life cycle assessment (LSA) of the alternatives when building a project. New Civil Engineering (2010f). In other words the company should first consider the whole life cycle of the project before construction starts. This will have the least effect on the environment and biodiversity. According to New Civil Engineering (2010g), this includes a detailed study of the stages of making, using and disposing of the product before choosing on an option. The stages of the project which starts from extraction of the raw materials needed for the project to the design of the project, the formulation, specification, processing, manufacturing, assembly, construction, packaging, use, maintenance, refurbishment, reusing, recycling and finally disposal. What obtains at Julius Berger is an analysis of the project to ascertain the cost, (profitability and affordability) and the best possible approach to undertake the project. However, even where every care is taken to reduce natural, accidental and wilful hazards, with emphasis on social, economic and environmental impacts, the project is undertaken using the normal unsustainable approach the company has adopted successfully over the years. CONCLUSION: It is obvious that human societies have in the past decade or so taken a path which is clearly unsustainable. In Nigeria for instance there have been a whole lot of unsustainable activities by oil exploration and producing companies. This coupled with years of unsustainable construction and urban planning, poor environmental practices by the citizens, poor regulatory practices and a lack of compliance by multinational companies, has led to environmental problems like, oil spillages, gas flaring, erosion, soil and water contamination, acid rain etc in the oil rich country. Sustainability therefore has become an inevitable way forward in the face of a looming environmental catastrophe. As the years go by, fewer resources than we are now relying on in Nigeria will have to support the nearly over 150 million Nigerians that require food, water, clothing, shelter, electricity and other modern amenities of life. A growth in the population of Nigeria will put a further strain on available resources. This is where sustainability in the built environment becomes very necessary. A construction company like Julius Berger Nigeria plc can use this opportunity and offer sustainable civil engineering solutions to the environmental problems that Nigeria faces today. The opportunities or benefit of sustainable construction will have on the society is, cleaner environment, resource efficiency, compliance and effective risk management etc.

Time Management Strategies Essay -- Time Management Skills

Time Management Strategies Time management has been one of the greatest hurdles of my scholastic career. Sadly it improves gradually. Procrastination was the name of the game for me for a while. Needless to say, I had poor time management skills. I would often wonder why I would let myself do this almost every time I had to do something. I didn’t like the trend I was in and I needed another way to get things done. Then I realized that being a procrastinator only hindered my potential of becoming the student I knew I could be. So with a little more discipline I am able to do my work to the best of my ability. I have taken some classes in the past that dealt with this subject. So all the tricks of the trade were imprinted into my brain. The tough thing was to put that knowledge to use. In this paper I want to find some more interesting things about time management and bring them to the forefront. I’ll begin with some obvious solutions to time management. First off I am going to name the most used solution, make a plan. When you plan out what your going to do, how your going to do it, and when your going to do each step of it, things become much easier to accomplish. Planning is essential to a productive workday or a completed job. Planning begins right away. When you get your assignment or job to do. You must plan how you are going to make time to accomplish this job. Secondly you should reduce distractions. Distractions can range from telephones, computers, internet, anything on your desk, television, basically anything that will take your attention away from your work. Writing a paper on your computer is an easy way to distract yourself from your work. Although you can’t eliminate all distractions, you can train yourself... ... assist myself in becoming a more organized person I can be. I am glad that I had the opportunity to research this topic and will strive to be less of a procrastinator. References 1. Ward, Susan (n.d.), 11 Time Management Tips Part 1: Coming To Grips With The Time Management Myth,http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/timemanagement/a/timemgttips.htm 2. (n.a.) (n.d.) Time Management for High School Students http://www.collegeboard.com/student/plan/collegesuccess/116.html 3. Myers, Barbara, 2003-2007, 10 easy time management tips http://www.ineedmoretime.com/timetips.htm 4. Pausch, Randy, Carnegie Mellon University, (n.d.) Time Management, http://www.alice.org/Randy/timetalk.htm#Introduction 5. Casey, John, reviewed by Chang, Louise, MD (n.d.) 6 Tips for better Time Management http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/6-tips-for-better-time-management